The ongoing war in Ukraine could result in as many as 2 million soldiers killed, injured, or missing on both sides by spring, according to a report from the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) released Tuesday.

The report highlights heavy losses for Russia, which it estimates has suffered 1.2 million casualties, including up to 325,000 troop fatalities, making it the deadliest conflict for a major power since World War II.

The assessment comes ahead of the fourth anniversary of Moscow’s large-scale invasion on February 24. Recent Russian strikes have damaged an apartment building on the outskirts of Kyiv, killing two people, while attacks in Odesa, Kryvyi Rih, and the front-line Zaporizhzhia region have left nine others injured.