The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), a cornerstone of U.S.-Africa trade relations since 2000, officially expired on September 30, 2025. This marks the end of 25 years of preferential trade access for over 30 sub-Saharan African nations.

Despite bipartisan support in the U.S. Congress and advocacy from African leaders, no formal extension was enacted before the deadline. The Trump administration had expressed support for a one-year renewal, but no legislation was finalized. African governments, including those of Kenya and South Africa, had been negotiating with the U.S. to secure an extension or replacement of AGOA. However, these efforts did not result in a renewed agreement.

The expiration of AGOA has immediate economic implications. African exporters now face higher tariffs on many products that were previously duty-free under the act. For example, Kenya's textile and apparel exports to the U.S., which had grown from approximately US$50 million in 2000 to over US$600 million in 2024, are now subject to tariffs up to 28%.

In response to the expiration, African nations are exploring alternative trade arrangements. Kenya is pursuing a bilateral trade agreement with the U.S., aiming for a long-term deal by the end of 2025. South Africa is seeking sector-specific exemptions and quotas to maintain access for its most vulnerable industries.

Additionally, attention is turning to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which became operational in 2021 and is now seen as a long-term framework for building resilient intra-African trade.